For patients with chronic kidney failure, establishing reliable access for haemodialysis is essential. Surgical creation of an arteriovenous (AV) fistula or graft connects an artery to a vein, enabling efficient blood flow for dialysis. In cases where fistulas or grafts are not feasible, tunnelled dialysis catheters may be placed. Proper dialysis access surgery ensures effective dialysis sessions, reduces complications, and enhances long-term outcomes for patients with end-stage renal disease.
